Appendix: Survey sources for the TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

Number	1	2	3
Source	Columbia University (CU)	Political & Economic Risk Consultancy
Name	State Capacity Survey	Asian Intelligence Issue
Year	2001	2000	2001
Who was surveyed?	US-resident country experts (policy analysts, academics and journalists)	Expatriate business executives
Subject asked	Severity of corruption within the state	Extent of corruption in a way that detracts from the business environment for foreign companies	How do you rate corruption in terms of its quality or contribution to the overall living/working environment?
Number of replies	251	1,027	ca. 1,000
Coverage	121 countries	14 countries
Number	4	5	6
Source	Institute for Management Development, IMD, Switzerland
Name	World Competitiveness Yearbook
Year	2000	2001	2002
Who was surveyed?	Executives in top and middle management; domestic and international companies
Subject asked	Bribing and corruption exist in the public sphere		Bribing and corruption exist in the economy
Number of replies	4,160	3,678	3,532
Coverage	47 countries	49 countries
Number	7	8	9
Source	World Bank	Pricewaterhouse Coopers	Economist Intelligence Unit
Name	World Business Environment Survey	Opacity Index	Country Risk Service and Country Forecast
Year	2001	2001	2002
Who was surveyed?	Senior managers	CFOs, equity analysts, bankers and PwC staff	Expert staff assessment (expatriate)
Subject asked	"Frequency of bribing" and "corruption as a constraint to business"	Frequency of corruption in various contexts (e.g. obtaining import/export permits or subsidies, avoiding taxes)	Assessment of the pervasiveness of corruption (the misuse of public office for private or political party gain) among public officials (politicians and civil servants)
Number of replies	10,090	1,357	Not applicable
Coverage	79 countries[1]	34 countries	115 countries
Number	10	11	12
Source	Freedom House	World Economic Forum	Gallup International on behalf of Transparency International
Name	Nations in Transit	Africa Competitiveness Report	Corruption Survey
Year	2002	2000	2002
Who was surveyed?	Assessment by US academic experts and FH staff	Senior business leaders; domestic and international companies	Senior businesspeople from 15 emerging market economies
Subject asked	Levels of corruption	How problematic is corruption? Are irregular, additional payments required? In large amounts?	How common are bribes to politicians, senior civil servants, and judges and how significant of an obstacle are the costs associated with such payments for doing business?
Number of replies	Not applicable	1,800	835
Coverage	27 transition economies	26 countries	21 countries
Number	13	14	15
Source	World Economic Forum
Name	Global Competitiveness Report
Year	2000	2001	2002
Who was surveyed?	Senior business leaders; domestic and international companies
Subject asked	Undocumented extra payments connected with import and export permits, public utilities and contracts, business licenses, tax payments or loan applications are common/not common.		Questions (in addition to those mentioned left) refer to payments connected to favorable regulations and judicial decisions
Number of replies	4,022	ca. 4,600	ca. 4,700
Coverage	59 countries	76 countries	80 countries

[1] The survey was carried out in 81 countries, but data for two countries was insufficient.